Publication Date
2015
Journal Title
Antioxid Redox Signal
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE: High mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) is an evolutionarily conserved and multi-functional protein. The biological function of HMGB1 depends on its cellular locations, binding partners, and redox states. Extracellular HMGB1 is a mediator of inflammation during infection or tissue injury. Immune cells actively release HMGB1 in response to infection, which in turn orchestrates both innate and adaptive immune responses. RECENT ADVANCES: Hyperacetylation of HMGB1 within its nuclear localization sequences mobilizes HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and subsequently promotes HMGB1 release. The redox states of the cysteines in position 23, 45 and 106 determine the biological activity of the extracellular HMGB1. CRITICAL ISSUES: The full picture and the detailed molecular mechanisms of how cells regulate the post-translational modifications and the redox status of HMGB1 during immune responses or under stress are still unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: It is important to identify the signaling pathways that regulate the post-translational modifications and the redox status of HMGB1 and to find their roles in host immune responses and pathogenesis of diseases. Future works toward these directions will not only unravel the molecular mechanisms by which cells regulate the release and the biological function of HMGB1, but may also provide novel therapeutic targets to treat inflammatory diseases.
Volume Number
24
Issue Number
12
Pages
620-34
Document Type
Article
EPub Date
2015/12/31
Status
Faculty, Northwell Researcher
Facility
School of Medicine; Northwell Health
Primary Department
Molecular Medicine
Additional Departments
Neurosurgery; Emergency Medicine
PMID
DOI
10.1089/ars.2015.6409